Female worker distributing fish feed in a fish farm
In fed-aquaculture systems, feeds represent the largest share of both the sector’s ecological footprint and operational costs. Unsustainable feed ingredients or inefficient feeding strategies can therefore seriously compromise both environmental and economic sustainability.
To support the health, growth, and welfare of fish and crustaceans, sustainable aquafeeds must be nutritionally complete, highly digestible and palatable. Inadequate nutrition not only reduces performance but also elevates disease risk, increases waste outputs, and raises dependence on therapeutics.
Advancing aquafeed sustainability demands a holistic approach – one that reduces reliance on finite marine resources and minimises environmental impacts such as eutrophication and carbon emissions. Central to this is the adoption of circular and regenerative feed ingredients and alternative materials including algal meals and oils, insect meals and microbial proteins.
Our research programmes have evaluated the suitability of a broad range of alternative raw materials, including algal products, single-cell proteins, plant-derived ingredients, agricultural by-products, marine by-products, and insect meals.
 

Investigating the potential utilisation of edible insect meals as alternative protein source in tilapia and carp feed

Principal investigator: Sahya Maulu
Dates: 2022–2026
This project explores the potential of edible insect meals, particularly black soldier fly (BSF) meal, as sustainable alternative protein sources in aquafeeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). While insect-based feeds show promise for improving aquaculture sustainability, challenges remain –including variability in nutrient composition, limited data on health impacts, high production costs and regulatory restrictions in some regions.
This study aims to address these barriers by investigating the effects of BSF meal on fish growth performance, feed utilisation, intestinal morphology, immune function and gut microbiota in both species.
By generating evidence on the nutritional and health benefits of BSF meal, the research supports efforts to optimise insect-based feed formulations and promote their wider adoption in commercial aquaculture.
Nile tilapia on a fish farm
 

Potential of black soldier fly (BSF: Hermetia illucens) frass as a novel feed material in tilapia diets

Funded by: Seale Hayne Educational Trust and CRISPS
Principal investigator: Sahya Maulu
Co-investigator: Dr Daniel Merrifield
Dates: 2025–2026
This project aims to enhance food security and aquaculture sustainability by evaluating black soldier fly (BSF) frass as a novel feed ingredient for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). BSF frass, a nutrient-rich by-product of insect farming, offers a promising, circular economy-aligned solution. The study will assess the effects of BSF frass on growth performance, feed utilisation, intestinal health, microbiome and immune response. This research addresses a critical knowledge gap and supports the development of sustainable food production and reduced environmental impact in aquaculture.

Development of sustainable fish feeds for Caribbean aquaculture using local ingredients

Funded by: Cape Eleuthera Institute and the University of Plymouth
Principal investigator: Mia Avril
Dates: 2025–2029
This project aims to develop fish feed formulations using locally sourced ingredients to reduce dependency on imported feed and promote sustainable aquaculture practices in the Caribbean region. The focus will be on using waste streams from other food production sectors such as fishery discards (e.g., conch, lobster, finfish viscera), agricultural byproducts (e.g., brewers' spent grain), as well as insect larvae, plant-based materials (e.g., cassava, sweet potato, banana, breadfruit), and marine algae. The formulated diets will be assessed on their potential to support fish growth and health in relation to that reported by commercially available feeds.

Aquaculture: Fish Health and Nutrition

The University of Plymouth has a strong research track record in the fields of fish health and nutrition dating back more than three decades.
Led by Dr Daniel Merrifield , the Fish Health and Nutrition research team actively engages with hatcheries, aquaculture farms and various other organisations, nationally and internationally, to support and conduct research and development at fundamental and applied levels contributing to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, 2 (Zero Hunger), 12 (Sustainable Consumption and Production) and 14 (Life Below Water).
Facilities in the fish health and nutrition research laboratories