Home fingertip oxygen monitors less accurate for people with darker skin tones

Led by the University, the study suggests that measurement errors lead to potential delays in care and contribute to health disparities
Woman checking blood oxygen levels with finger pulse oximeter

Home fingertip oxygen monitors less accurate for people with darker skin tones

Led by the University, the study suggests that measurement errors lead to potential delays in care and contribute to health disparities
Fingertip monitors known as pulse oximeters that can be used at home to detect low blood oxygen levels give higher readings for patients with darker than lighter skin tones, according to the largest study on this topic.
This means that low blood oxygen levels may be missed in patients with darker skin tones, potentially delaying care, while patients with lighter skin tones may get unnecessary treatment.
Pulse oximeters use light to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood (SpO2). For most people, a normal pulse oximeter reading is between 95% and 100%, with readings below 90-92% generally considered low and requiring medical attention.
They are known to be affected by several factors, including skin tone, as pigment in darker skin can absorb more light, making the device “think” there's more oxygen than there is.
But while research published in 2024 indicated that pulse can significantly overestimate oxygen saturation readings, studies have been unable to draw any firm conclusions about the impact of skin tone on diagnostic accuracy.
To address this, researchers – led by Professor Daniel Martin  from the University of Plymouth – set out to test the measurement and diagnostic accuracy of five fingertip pulse oximeters provided by the NHS for use at home in the NHS England COVID oximetry @home scheme.

This is the largest, the most comprehensive and what we believe to be the definitive study into this issue.

The information we have had to this point has suggested there was a big problem, but every piece of research had been carried out differently so it was impossible to say for sure. What our new piece of work demonstrates is that the results are complicated and that every pulse oximeter is different, but that there is skin tone related bias that could lead to late or missed treatment in people with darker skin tones.

Daniel MartinProfessor Daniel Martin
Professor of Perioperative and Intensive Care Medicine

For their study, published in The BMJ and funded  by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), the researchers drew on data from 903 critically ill adults (average age 56 years; 67% male) on 24 NHS intensive care units in England between June 2022 and August 2024.
Although the fingertip pulse oximeters tested were those used at home, intensive care units were used as the test laboratory as patients have lower blood oxygen values and routinely have their blood oxygen accurately measured using hospital machines.
For each patient, skin tone was measured objectively using a spectrophotometer (a type of camera that measures colour) and researchers then compared pulse oximetry blood oxygen values (SpO2) with “gold-standard” arterial blood gas measurements (SaO2). SpO2 values were assessed at two thresholds in line with current guidance either to seek medical help (94% or lower) or to attend the emergency department (92% or lower).
A total of 11,018 paired SpO2-SaO2 measurements were analysed. All five pulse oximeters returned higher SpO2 values for patients with darker skin tones than patients with lighter skin tones, at any given level of SaO2 measurement.
SpO2 readings were, on average, 0.6-1.5 percentage points higher for patients with darker than lighter skin tone.
At both SpO2 thresholds assessed, false negative rates (low oxygen missed by the pulse oximeter when present) increased with darker skin tones, while false positive rates (low oxygen indicated by the pulse oximeter when absent) decreased with darker skin tone.
And while absolute differences in readings were small, the researchers say “they can result in substantially higher rates of false negatives and lower rates of false positives in the diagnosis of hypoxaemia”.
The observational nature of the study means no definitive conclusions can be drawn about cause and effect, and the authors acknowledge that the study was conducted in critically ill patients and so may limit the generalisability of the findings.
However, they say this was a large study using sophisticated statistical modelling to assess the performance of the pulse oximeters across multiple domains of both measurement and diagnostic accuracy. 

SpO2 readings should be interpreted in the context of other clinical information and trends in SpO2 values given greater importance than single readings, particularly in patients with darker skin tones. Healthcare systems should develop guidance to inform and aid practitioners, patients and the public, particularly in settings where additional clinical readings from other medical measurement devices would not be available.

The authors of The BMJ study
In a linked editorial, researchers agree that clinicians must recognise the limitations of current devices and interpret readings for patients with darker skin with care and caution, and they say regulation must now catch up with science to mitigate harm.
“The goal is not to abandon pulse oximetry but to understand its limits and make it equitable, ensuring that the technology designed to measure oxygen does not itself perpetuate inequalities in those who receive it,” they conclude.
  • The full study – Martin et al: The impact of skin tone on the performance of pulse oximeters used by the National Health Service COVID oximetry @home scheme: measurement and diagnostic accuracy study – is published in The BMJ, DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2025-085535.
  • The linked editorial - Pulse oximetry in people with darker skin tones - is also published in The BMJ, DOI: 10.1136/bmj.s37.
 

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Woman checking blood oxygen levels with finger pulse oximeter

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