Hermit crabs with more sensitive claws may be bolder in their decisions

Researchers explored how differences in the animals’ sensory abilities influenced how long it took them to recover after being startled

Hermit crabs are found in rockpools and other locations along the coastlines of the UK and Europe

Hermit crabs with more sensitive claws may be bolder in their decisions

Researchers explored how differences in the animals’ sensory abilities influenced how long it took them to recover after being startled

Ari Drummond

Mr Alan Williams

Media and Communications Manager

Corporate Communications (Marketing and Communications)

2 July 2025

If you have ever looked closely into a rockpool along the UK coastline, you may have been lucky enough to find a tiny hermit crab scuttling about. What you might not realise is that hermit crabs are constantly monitoring their environment for changes and threats.

Often, when they detect danger, they retract into their shell – but after the initial shock of being startled, the crab uses its sensory organs to help determine if it is safe to emerge and start exploring once more.

In one local species of hermit crab, tiny hair-like structures – otherwise known as sensilla – on the claws appear to be important in gathering information about their surroundings, including the presence of potential predators.

A new study, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B journal, has shown that crabs with more sensory hairs on their claws recover faster from a startle response. Animals that recover faster from a startle are considered bolder and in this study, crabs with more sensilla were consistently bolder individuals. They were also more predictable in the time it took them to recover from their fright.

The study was carried out by researchers from the University of Plymouth, who believe it offers a fascinating insight into the biology of a tiny creature found right along the UK’s coastline, and begins to answer a number of questions about the connection between animals’ sensory abilities and behaviour.

My research is often inspired by my observations of hermit crabs in the lab and out in their natural habitat, and focuses on the role of information and sensation in crustacean behaviour and physiology.

For this study, I was especially intrigued by how they used their claws and other sensory appendages, such as their antennae, in their explorations and when re-emerging from their shell. The patterns I observed led me to wonder if these hermit crabs might be using their claws to help assess risk from the environment. In a world where environments and species are increasingly at risk from human impacts on the environment, I believe it is essential that we gain a better understanding of what information animals detect, how they use that information and then respond to stay alive.“

Ari Drummond
PhD researcher and lead author

A frequency map of sensilla locations for the hermit crab sampled in this study

Plymouth Electron Microscopy Centre

For the study, researchers first analysed how individual crabs responded to being startled in the lab, then waited for each crab to shed its skin and collected the moulted claw tissue. This shed tissue was examined in detail using images captured with a scanning electron microscope, housed within the Plymouth Electron Microscopy Centre (PEMC).

It enabled the researchers to mark all the sensilla on the surface of a claw, without needing to remove the limbs of living crustaceans, as has often been done previously in these types of studies. Finally, they assessed if the number of sensilla was related to the relative boldness of each crab.

The analysis showed that bolder hermit crabs have more sensilla on the claw surface. It also revealed that more sensilla, essentially suggesting that a crab has better access to information, appear to make the crab more able to consistently determine that the surrounding environment lacks risk.

This relationship between relative boldness and sensory ability, helped the researchers to suggest a new hypothesis about how sensation and animal behaviour are linked, which the researchers have termed “sensory investment syndrome”. The research team hopes this will inspire other work that examines how sensory traits might help shape animal personality and decision-making.

We’ve known for a long time that individual animals of the same species can show consistent behavioural differences from one another. Our new research suggests that in hermit crabs, some of this variation may be linked to how individuals sense the world around them. This possibility has been largely overlooked, but if sensory investment helps explain personality in hermit crabs, it may do so in other animals as well.

Professor Mark Briffa
Professor of Animal Behaviour

Ari Drummond

Plymouth Electron Microscopy Centre

The full study – Drummond et al: A sensory investment syndrome hypothesis: Personality and predictability are linked to sensory capacity in the hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus) – is published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2025.0932.

Researching the behaviour of marine invertebrates

Ari Drummond is currently working towards her PhD having previously completed an MRes Marine Biology at the University.

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