- B230, Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA
- +44 1752 584816
- andy.wills@plymouth.ac.uk
Profiles
Professor Andy Wills
Professor in Psychology
School of Psychology (Faculty of Health)
Professor of Psychology
Twitter: @ajwills72
Personal website: willslab.org.uk
Qualifications
B.Sc. Psychology (Soton), Ph.D. Psychology (Cantab)
Academic background
I became interested in artificial intelligence through an early interest in computers (I was paid for my first computer program at age 14). I studied psychology as an undergraduate (Southampton, 1990 - 1993) because of a (still-held) belief that psychology can inform the design of intelligent systems. A continuing interest in neural networks led to me studying for a Ph.D. with computational learning theorist Ian McLaren (Cambridge, 1994 - 1998). I continued my Ph.D. research as a Junior Research Fellow (Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1998 - 2000).
Keen to secure a permanent position, and interested in teaching as well as research, I moved to Exeter University, where I became a lecturer (2000), senior lecturer (2005), and then associate professor (2006). In 2012, I moved to Plymouth as a full professor.
Key publications
2008 'Processes of overall similarity sorting in free classification' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34, (3) 676-692 , DOI
2012 'On the adequacy of current empirical evaluations of formal models of categorization' Psychol Bull 138, (1) 102-125 , DOI
2011 'Effects of concurrent load on feature- and rule-based generalization in human contingency learning' J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 37, (3) 308-316 , DOI
2009 'The neural basis of overall similarity and single-dimension sorting' Neuroimage 46, (1) 319-326 , DOI
2007 'Predictive learning, prediction errors, and attention: evidence from event-related potentials and eye tracking' J Cogn Neurosci 19, (5) 843-854 , DOI
Teaching interests
Research methods, cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
I'm the lead author of the Creative Commons teaching materials Research Methods in R.
Staff serving as external examiners
Lincoln University
Research interests
My principal interest is the categorization of visual objects. This interest has also led me to work on the role of errors and attention in learning more generally. By some metrics, I'm in the top 1% of my field worldwide (the methodology for this calculation can be found here).
I'm also a strong advocate for open science. I'm the local network lead in Plymouth for the UK Reproducibility Network, the Editor of the newly-formed Open Journal of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, and the maintainer of a number of R packages, including catlearn (an open repository of learning and categorization models, with over 15,000 downloads to date).
Research degrees awarded to supervised students
2019: Angus Inskter
2016: Charlotte Edmunds
2014: Henrietta Roberts
2014: Fayme Yeates
2006: Fraser Milton
2005: Alice Welham
2004: Kazuhiro Goto
Grants & contracts
2017 - 2020: Learning from total failure (ESRC)
2010 - 2013: The Exeter Science Exchange (EPSRC)
2011 - 2012: confidential project (QinetiQ)
2011 - 2011: IED threat awareness (CDE, Defence)
2009 - 2010: Neuroscience of human associative learning (British Council)
2006 - 2007: Unsupervised categorization (ESRC)
2005 - 2007: From Associations to Rules (EC FP6)
2002 - 2004: Acquisition of polymorphous concepts (BBSRC)
Key publications
2008 'Processes of overall similarity sorting in free classification' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34, (3) 676-692 , DOI
2012 'On the adequacy of current empirical evaluations of formal models of categorization' Psychol Bull 138, (1) 102-125 , DOI
2011 'Effects of concurrent load on feature- and rule-based generalization in human contingency learning' J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 37, (3) 308-316 , DOI
2009 'The neural basis of overall similarity and single-dimension sorting' Neuroimage 46, (1) 319-326 , DOI
2007 'Predictive learning, prediction errors, and attention: evidence from event-related potentials and eye tracking' J Cogn Neurosci 19, (5) 843-854 , DOI
Key publications are highlighted
Journals
Articles
2020 'Pretesting boosts recognition, but not cued recall, of targets from unrelated word pairs' Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , DOI Open access
2020 'Absence of cross-modality analogical transfer in perceptual categorization' Open Journal of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience , DOI Open access
2020 'A dimensional summation account of polymorphous category learning' Learning and Behavior , DOI Open access
2019 'Theory protection in associative learning: humans maintain certain beliefs in a manner that violates prediction error' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition , DOI Open access
2019 'The effect of pre-exposure on overall similarity categorization' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition , DOI Open access
2019 'Dissociable learning processes, associative theory, and testimonial reviews: A comment on Smith and Church (2018' Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , DOI Open access
2019 'Selective effects of errorful generation on recognition memory: The role of motivation and surprise' Memory , DOI Open access
2018 'Learning from failure: Errorful generation improves memory for items, not associations' Journal of Memory and Language 104, 70-82 , DOI Open access
2018 'Automaticity and cognitive control: Effects of cognitive load on cue-controlled reward choice' Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , DOI Open access
2018 'Multiple Feature Use in Pigeons’ Category Discrimination: The Influence of Stimulus Set Structure and the Salience of Stimulus Differences' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 44, (2) 114-127 Open access
2018 'Due process in dual process: Model-recovery simulations of decision-bound strategy analysis in category learning' Cognitive Science Open access
2017 'Initial training with difficult items does not facilitate category learning' Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , DOI Open access
2017 'Transfer of learned category-response associations is modulated by instruction' Acta Psychologica Open access
2017 'In Defence of Effect-Centric Research' Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6, (1) 43-46 , DOI Open access
2017 'Progress in modeling through distributed collaboration: Concepts, tools, and category-learning examples' Psychology of Learning and Motivation Open access
2016 'The Neural Correlates of Similarity- and Rule-based Generalization' Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, (1) 150-166 , DOI Open access
2016 'Free classification of large sets of everyday objects is more thematic than taxonomic' Acta Psychologica 26-40 , DOI Open access
2016 'Amnesic Patients Show Superior Generalization in Category Learning' Neuropsychology , DOI Open access
2016 'Attention and associative learning in humans: An integrative review' Psychological Bulletin , DOI Open access
2016 'A Comparison of the neural correlates that underlie rule-based and information-integration category learning' Human Brain Mapping 37, (10) 3557-3574 , DOI Open access
2016 'Does Rumination Cause “Inhibitory” Deficits?' Psychopathology Review a4, (3) 341-376 , DOI Open access
2015 'Combination or Differentiation? Two theories of processing order in classification' Cognitive Psychology 80, 1-33 , DOI Open access
2015 'Feature- versus rule-based generalization in rats, pigeons and humans' Animal Cognition 18, (6) 1267-1284 , DOI Open access
2015 'Negative mood reverses devaluation of goal-directed drug-seeking favouring an incentive learning account of drug dependence' Psychopharmacology , DOI Open access
2015 'Feedback can be superior to observational training for both rule-based and information-integration category structures' Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 68, 1203-1222 Open access
2015 'State trace analysis: Dissociable processes in a connectionist network?' Cognitive Science 39, 1047-1061 Open access
2014 'Attention, predictive learning, and the inverse base-rate effect: evidence from event-related potentials' Neuroimage 87, 61-71 , DOI Open access
2013 'Cueing an unresolved personal goal causes persistent ruminative self-focus: an experimental evaluation of control theories of rumination' J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 44, (4) 449-455 , DOI Open access
2013 'Modeling human sequence learning under incidental conditions' J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 39, (2) 166-173 , DOI
2013 'Modeling human sequence learning under incidental conditions' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 39, (2) 166-173 , DOI
2013 'Reinstating the Frontal Lobes? Having More Time to Think Improves Implicit Perceptual Categorization: A Comment on Filoteo, Lauritzen, and Maddox (2010)' PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 24, (3) 386-389 , DOI
2013 'Is overall similarity classification less effortful than single-dimension classification?' Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 66, (2) 299-318 , DOI
2012 'On the Adequacy of Bayesian Evaluations of Categorization Models: Reply to Vanpaemel and Lee (2012)' PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 138, (6) 1259-1261 , DOI
2011 'Unitization, similarity, and overt attention in categorization and exposure' Mem Cognit 39, (8) 1518-1533 , DOI
2011 'Effects of concurrent load on feature- and rule-based generalization in human contingency learning' J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 37, (3) 308-316 , DOI
2011 'Representation development, perceptual learning, and concept formation' BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 34, (3) 141-U41 , DOI
2011 'Simultaneous Backward Conditioned Inhibition and Mediated Conditioning' JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROCESSES 37, (2) 241-245 , DOI
2011 'Interpreting the effects of image manipulation on picture perception in pigeons (Columba livia) and humans (Homo sapiens)' J Comp Psychol 125, (1) 48-60 , DOI
2010 'Grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) show a feature-negative effect specific to social learning' Anim Cogn 13, (2) 219-227 , DOI
2010 'Syntactic transfer in artificial grammar learning' PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 17, (1) 122-128 , DOI
2009 'A comparative analysis of the categorization of multidimensional stimuli: I. Unidimensional classification does not necessarily imply analytic processing; evidence from pigeons (Columba livia), squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and humans (Homo sapiens)' J Comp Psychol 123, (4) 391-405 , DOI
2009 'A comparative analysis of the categorization of multidimensional stimuli: II. Strategic information search in humans (Homo sapiens) but not in pigeons (Columba livia)' J Comp Psychol 123, (4) 406-420 , DOI
2009 'The neural basis of overall similarity and single-dimension sorting' Neuroimage 46, (1) 319-326 , DOI
2009 'Prediction Errors and Attention in the Presence and Absence of Feedback' CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 18, (2) 95-100 , DOI
2009 'Long-term persistence of sort strategy in free classification' Acta Psychol (Amst) 130, (2) 161-167 , DOI
2008 'Processes of overall similarity sorting in free classification' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34, (3) 676-692 , DOI
2007 'Does maintenance of colour categories rely on language? Evidence to the contrary from a case of semantic dementia' Brain Lang 103, (3) 251-263 , DOI
2007 'Predictive learning, prediction errors, and attention: evidence from event-related potentials and eye tracking' J Cogn Neurosci 19, (5) 843-854 , DOI
2006 'Why are artificial polymorphous concepts so hard for birds to learn?' Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 59, (2) 251-267 , DOI
2005 'The outcome specificity of learned predictiveness effects: Parallels between human causal learning and animal conditioning' JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROCESSES 31, (2) 226-236 , DOI
2004 'Global-feature classification can be acquired more rapidly than local-feature classification in both humans and pigeons' Anim Cogn 7, (2) 109-113 , DOI
2004 'The influence of stimulus properties on category construction' J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 30, (2) 407-415 , DOI
2004 'Brief communication: the role of category structure in determining the effects of stimulus preexposure on categorization accuracy' Q J Exp Psychol B 57, (1) 79-88 , DOI
2000 'Tests of the ratio rule in categorization' QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SECTION A-HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 53, (4) 983-1011 , DOI
1998 'Perceptual categorization: connectionist modelling and decision rules' Q J Exp Psychol B 51, (1) 33-58 , DOI
1997 'Generalization in human category learning: A connectionist account of differences in gradient after discriminative and non-discriminative training' QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SECTION A-HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 50, (3) 607-630 , DOI
Reviews
2012 'On the adequacy of current empirical evaluations of formal models of categorization' Psychol Bull 138, (1) 102-125 , DOI
Chapters
Conference Papers
2014 'Does incidental training increase the prevalence of overall similarity classification?
A re-examination of Kemler Nelson (1984)' Austin, TX Cognitive Science Society Open access
2014 'Machine learning of visual object categorization: an application of the SUSTAIN model' Austin, TX Cognitive Science Society 290-295 Open access
2014 'The effect of pre-exposure on family resemblance categorization for stimuli of
varying levels of perceptual difficulty' Austin, TX Cognitive Science Society 1018-1023 Open access
2005 'ERPS support attentional theories of associative learning' 171-171
2004 'Acquisition of polymorphous concepts' 1657-1657
2004 'Emergence of features in visual stimuli' 1654-1654
2003 'Speeded categorization: The effects of perceptual processing and decision-making time' 1218-1223
2000 'Categorization and the Ratio Rule' 994-999
1997 'Generalization in category learning: One and two category problems' 1088-1088