Richard Handy

Teaching interests

All areas of comparative and clinical physiology, clinical and environmental toxicology. Modules include:-

Mammalian & Human Life Cycle (Stage 1)
Introduction to Toxicology (Stage 1)
Physiology & Pathophysiology (Stage 2) 
Ecotoxicology (Stage 3)
Regulatory Toxicology and Clinical Trials (Stage 3)
Fish Toxicology (Masters level modules)
 
Professor Handy is programme lead Toxicology & Health.
http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/3629/BSc+(Hons)+Biomedical+Sciences+(Toxicology+and+Health)

 

Staff serving as external examiners
Dr Handy is an experienced examiner, and for example, he has examined PhDs from countries around the world, in addition to the UK.  

Research interests

LAST UP DATED 10^th JUNE 2011

Our current research activities are focused on the following topics:

1. The eco/toxicity of nanomaterials

Nanotechnology is defined as using materials and structures with nanoscale dimensions, usually in the range 1-100 nm, although for toxicological applications we also consider larger aggregates of nanomaterials (reviews Handy and Shaw, 2007; Handy et al., 2008a; Klaine et al., 2008). Our laboratory was the first to give detailed reports of the body systems effects and organ pathologies from nanomaterial exposures in fish (Smith et al., 2007; Federici et al., 2007), and we work with a range of materials includes carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and a range of metal nanoparticles (e.g., titanium, copper, silver, iron). Our current work includes a NERC funded project investigating the effects of nanomaterials on the brain of fishes, several projects looking at histopathology in different organs (invertebrates, fish, mammals). We also have a special interest in the uptake mechanisms of nanomaterials across the gut (fish and rodents). Our work includes very applied aspects such as developing methods for the hazard assessment of nanomaterials (Crane et al., 2008; Handy et al., 2011) and the bioavailability of metal nanoparticles (review, Shaw and Handy, 2011). Our clinical work includes research into the mechanisms of intestinal absorption and ingestion hazard from nanomaterials, and also the uses of nanomaterials in dentistry. These activities are part of a strategic plan for nanoscience research at the University of Plymouth, and the broader strategy for Environment and Human Health in the Peninsula Medical School (Exeter & Plymouth Universities), and with collaborators at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Our researchers are therefore at the forefront of this new and exciting area.

2. Dietary exposure to metals and other contaminants.

This is a long standing theme of our research, and our philosophy is to understand the mechanisms of how toxic metals cross the gut epithelium of vertebrate animals (fish, rats, humans). We have produced several important reviews on metal uptake and toxicity in the gut of fish (Handy, 1996; Handy, 2005a;b), and more recently on nano metals (above). Our approach includes in vivo investigations of whole animal physiology to understand the integrated responses of animals to dietary exposure. We have used fish models to detail everything from biochemistry and organ pathologies to animal behaviour. These include the first reports detailing the disruption of biological rhythms and aggressive behaviours in trout exposed to excess dietary Cu (Campbell et al., 2002; 2005) and the underlying neuropathology and endocrine disruption causing these effects (Handy, 1992). We have also investigated adverse effects of copper or mercury on nutritional performance, osmoregulation and oxidative stress in vivo, and in a range of freshwater fish (trout, nile tilapia, and African walking catfish, e.g. Handy and Shaw 2006; Hoyle et al., 2007).  Fish are becoming increasingly important models in toxicology, and this work also includes studies on the genes involved in metal uptake. Our work has enabled quantitative risk calculations in relation to food safety and dietary exposure of humans to contaminated fish, as well as the risks to the fish themselves from contaminated aquafeeds (e.g. Hoyle et al., 2007; Glover et al., 2007). We have also explored life style effects (chronic high fat and high protein diets) on the immunotoxicity of pesticides, and in a rodent model, show that these life style factors can make pesticide pathologies much worse (Handy et al., 2002a).

 

3. Alternative Techniques: Perfused Organ Systems

We also recognise the ethical concerns about whole animal physiology and toxicology, and the needs for reduction, refinement and replacement (the 3Rs). Our laboratory has long standing expertise in the use of organ perfusion systems for metal research. We have pioneered improvements to the perfused gill preparation (Campbell et al., 1999), and used the perfused intestine to give the first detailed pharmacological description of Cu uptake in the intestine (Handy et al., 2000b; 2002). We have also described how the vertebrate intestinal cells absorb mercury (Hoyle et al., 2005). We have also used the perfused rat heart to understand novel mechanisms of carbon monoxide toxicity (Patel et al., 2004) and the regulation of magnesium in the heart (Ödblom and Handy., 1999). Our laboratory has a range of other perfused organ and cell culture methods for fish and mammalian cells. Professor Handy has cultured gill, intestine, liver, and spleen cells from fish, and similar cells from rodents, and cardiac myocytes.

 

4. Body systems toxicology

Our approach of understanding mechanisms inevitably also has a body system focus. We therefore have looked at some systems in great detail including;

• Immunotoxicity of metals and pesticides (invertebrates, fish, rodents).
• Gastro-intestinal physiology and pathology of metals (fish, rats, humans)
• Cardiotoxicity of metals, and more recently, nanomaterials (rats, fish).

These include in vivo and in vitro experiments using the tools and techniques outlined above. These studies are supported mainly by PhD Studentships. All of the above work includes some detailed oxidative stress chemistry in these organ systems, and this is a core theme in the wider research group. Professor Handy also has a special interest in histological techniques.

 

5. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO therapy)

This work reflects our interest in physiological mechanisms, and has a particular focus on finding out the details of why HBO therapy is beneficial to a wide range of patients. We have shown the therapy to be safe and effective with patients receiving multiple HBO treatments (Handy et al., 2005c). We have also used in vitro models to explore the mechanism involved and potential cellular basis of concerns such as oxygen toxicity (e.g., Yuan et al., 2009). Our biochemical evidence does not support overt oxidative stress during HBO therapy in real patients (Shaw et al., 2005). Our most recent work, supported by the diving diseases research centre (DDRC, http://www.ddrc.org/) and the University of Plymouth has explored oxygen effects on angiogenesis and the integrity of DNA in endothelial cells (e.g., Yuan et al., 2011).

 

UoP Research group membership

Centre for Research in Translational Biomedicine (CRTB) 
Ecotoxicology Research & Innovation Centre (ERIC) 
Marine Institute 

Other research
Consultancy via the University of Plymouth
Professor Handy is an expert on the technical details of hazard assessment, and on risk assessment for the environment. He has had consultancy work in this area from government departments, the EU commission and chemical companies.

Prof. Handy has broad interests in comparative aspects of toxicology and the interface between biology and medicine. He is a member of the anaesthesiology research group at the Penninsula Medical School, and is keen to collaborate actively on clinical topics.  

Publications

Recent Publications: Last Updated 10th June 2011.

1.    Handy, R. D.,Cornelis, G., Fernandes, T., Tsyusko, O., Decho, A., Sabo-Attwood, T., Metcalfe, C., Steevens, J. A., Klaine, S. J., Koelmans, A. A. and Horne, N. (2011) Ecotoxicity test methods for engineered nanomaterials: practical experiences and recommendations from the bench. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, in press.

2.    Shaw, B. J. and Handy, R. D. (2011) Physiological effects of nanoparticles on fish: A comparison of nanometals versus metal ions. Environment International, in press.

3.    Newman, S. P., Handy, R. D. and Gruber, S. H. (2011) Ontogenetic diet shifts and prey selection in nursery bound lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, indicate a flexible foraging tactic. Environmental Biology of Fishes, in press.

4.    Pettitt-Wade, H., Newman, S. P., Parsons, K. T., Gruber, S. H. and Handy, R. D. (2011) Dietary metal and macro-nutrient intakes of juvenile lemon sharks determined from the nutritional composition of prey items. Marine Ecology Progress Series, in press.

5.    Yuan J., Handy, R. D., Moody, A. J., Smerdon, G., Bryson, P. (2011) Limited DNA damage in human endothelial cells after hyperbaric oxygen treatment and protection from subsequent hydrogen peroxide exposure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1810, 526–531.

6.    Velasco-Santamaría, Y. M., Handy, R. D., and Sloman, K. A. (2011) Endosulfan affects health variables in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and induces alterations in larvae development. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, in press.

7.    Fraser, T. W. K., Reinardy, H. C., Shaw, B. J., Henry, T. B., Handy, R. D. (2010) Dietary toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes and fullerenes (C₆₀) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nanotoxicology, 5 (1), 98-108.

8.    Zheng, D. Kille, P., Feeney, G. P., Cunningham, P., Handy, R. D. and Hogstrand, C. (2010) Dynamic transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish gills in response to zinc supplementation. BMC Genomics, 11:553. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/11/553

9.    Zheng, D. Kille, P., Feeney, G. P., Cunningham, P., Handy, R. D. and Hogstrand, C. (2010) Dynamic transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish gills in response to zinc depletion. BMC Genomics, 11:548. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/11/548

10. Bouskill, N. J., Barker-Finkel, J., Galloway, T. S., Handy, R. D. and Ford T. E. (2010) Temporal bacterial diversity associated with metal-contaminated river sediments. Ecotoxicology, 19, 317-28.

11. Sheir, S. K., Handy, R. D. and Galloway, T. S. (2010) Tissue injury and cellular immune responses to mercuric chloride exposure in the common mussel Mytilus edulis: Modulation by lipopolysaccharide. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73,1338–1344.

12. Sheir, S. K. and Handy, R. D. (2010) Tissue injury and cellular immune responses to cadmium chloride exposure in the common mussel Mytilus edulis: Modulation by lipopolysaccharide. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59(4)602-613.

13. Berntssen, M.H.G., Tollefsen, K-E., Handy, R. D., Julshamn, K., Aasen K., Helland, E., Petri, D. (2010) Assessing sensitivity of Atlantic salmon post-smolt to dietary endosulfan using histology and markers of endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and biotransformation. Aquaculture 303, 86–93.

14. Newman, S. P., Handy, R. D. and Gruber, S. H. (2010) Diet and prey preference of juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 398, 221–234.

15. Stone, V., Nowack, B., Baun, A., van den Brink, N., von der Kammer, F., Dusinska, M., Handy, R., Hankin, S., Hassellöv, M., Joner, E., Fernandes, T. F. (2010) Nanomaterials for environmental studies: Classification, reference material issues, and strategies for physico-chemical characterisation. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 1745-1754.

16. Handy, R. D., Maycock, D. and Jha, A. N. (2009) An Evaluation of the UK Skills Base for Toxicologists and Ecotoxicologists, with Focus on Current and Future Requirements, Particularly with Regard to the Skills Required for the Hazard Assessment of Chemical Substances including Nanomaterials. Peer reviewed report to Defra. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=CB0419_8185_FRP.pdf

17. Reeve. A., Handy, R. D. and Gruber, S. H. (2009) Prey selection and functional response of juvenile lemon sharks Negaprion brevirostris. Journal of Fish Biology 75, 276–281.

18. Bury, N. C. and Handy, R. D. (2010) Copper and iron uptake in teleost fish. In: Surface Chemistry, Bioavailability and Metal Homeostasis in Aquatic Organisms: An integrated approach. (Editors: N. Bury and R. D. Handy). Essential Reviews in Experimental Biology, vol. 2, Society for Experimental Biology Press, London, p. 107-127.

19. Mühling, M., Bradford, A., Readman, J. W., Somerfield, P. J. and Handy, R. D. (2009) An investigation into the effects of silver nanoparticles on antibiotic resistance of naturally occurring bacteria in an estuarine sediment. Marine Environmental Research, 68(5):278-83.

20. Ramsden, C. S., Smith, T. J., Shaw, B. J., and Handy, R. D. (2009) Dietary exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): No effect on growth, but subtle biochemical disturbances in the brain. Ecotoxicology: 18, 939-951.

21. Yuan J., Handy, R.D., Moody, A.J., Bryson, P. (2009) Response of blood vessels in vitro to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO): Modulation of VEGF and NOx release by external lactate or arginine. Biochem Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics,1787 (2009) 828–834. (Special issue on Radical Species, Mitochondria, and Cardiac Function, Tota, B., Handy, R. D., and Cerra, M. C. eds.).

22. Handy, R. D. and Maunder, R. J. (2009) The biological roles of mucus: Importance for osmoregulation and osmoregulatory disorders of fish health. In: Osmoregulation and Ion Transport: Integrating Physiological, Molecular and Environmental Aspects (Editors: R. D. Handy, N. Bury and G. Flik). Essential Reviews in Experimental Biology, Vol 1, Society for Experimental Biology Press, London, 203-235.

23. Rocks, S. A., Pollard, S. J., Dorey, R. A., Harrison P. T. C., Levy, L. S., Handy, R. D., Garrod, J. F. and Owen, R. (2009) Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials. In: Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology (J. R. Lead and E. Smith, editors), Blackwell Publishing, Ltd pp. 389-421.

24. Bradford, A., Handy, R. D., Readman, J. W., Atfield, A. and Muhling, M. (2009) Impact of silver nanoparticle contamination on the genetic diversity of natural bacterial assemblages in estuarine sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 43 (12), 4530–4536.

25. Klaine, S. J., Alvarez, P. J. J., Batley, G. E., Fernandes, T. F., Handy, R. D., Lyon, D. Y., Mahendra, S., McLaughlin, M. J. and Lead, J. R. (2008) Nanomaterials in the environment, behaviour, fate, bioavailability and effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 27, No. 9,1825-1851.

26. Owen, R., Crane, M., Grieger, K., Handy, R., Linkov, I., Depledge, M. (2009). Strategic approaches for the management of environmental risk uncertainties posed by nanomaterials. In Nanomaterials: Risks and Benefits NATO Publications Series, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C - Environmental Security, pp. 369-384.

27. Patel, P., Jones, P., Handy, R., Harrington, C., Marshall, P., Evans, E.H. (2008) Isotopic labelling of peptides and isotope ratio analysis using LC–ICP–MS: a preliminary study. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 390, 61-65.

28. Rocks, S., Pollard, S., Dorey, R., Levy, L., Harrison, P., Handy, R. (2008) Comparison of risk assessment approaches for manufactured nanomaterials. Technical report to Defra, available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=CB0403_7306_ABS.doc

29. Compton, R., Goodwin, L., Handy, R. and Abbott, V. (2008) A critical examination of worldwide guidelines for minimising the disturbance to marine mammals during seismic surveys. Marine Policy 32, 255–262.

30. Crane, M., Handy, R. D., Garrod J., and Owen R.  (2008) Ecotoxicity test methods and environmental hazard assessment for engineered nanoparticles. Ecotoxicology (2008) 17, 421–437.

31. Schlenk, D., Handy, R., Steinert, S., Depledge, M. H. and Benson, W. (2008) Biomarkers. In The Toxicology of Fishes (R. T. Di Giulio and D. E. Hinton editors). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 683-731.

32. Handy, R.D., Owen, R., Valsami-Jones, E. (2008) The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: Current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology, 17, 315-325.

33. Handy, R.D., Henry, T. B., Scown, T. M., Johnstone, B. D., and Tyler, C. R. (2008) Manufactured nanoparticles: Their uptake and effects on fish – A mechanistic analysis. Ecotoxicology, 17, 396–409.

34. Handy, R. D., Kammer, F. v. d., Lead, J. R., Hassellöv, M., Owen, R. and Crane, M. (2008) The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles. Ecotoxicology, 17, 287-314 (invited review).

35. Handy, R. D. (2008) Systems Toxicology: Using the systems biology approach to assess chemical pollutants in the environment. In: Comparative Toxicogenomics (C. Hogstrand and P. Kille, eds.). Advances in Experimental Biology, 2, 249-281.

36. Crane, M., Handy, R. D. (2007) An assessment of regulatory testing strategies and methods for characterizing the ecotoxicological hazards of nanomaterials, Report for Defra, London, UK. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=CB01097_6262_FRP.pdf

37. Glover, C. N., Petri, D., Tollefsen K-E, Jørum N., Handy, R. D., Berntssen, M. H. G. (2007) Assessing the sensitivity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to dietary endosulfan exposure using tissue biochemistry and histology. Aquatic Toxicology 84, 346 - 355.

38. Federici, G., Shaw, B. J. and Handy, R. D. (2007) Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles to Rainbow Trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Gill Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Other Physiological Effects. Aquatic Toxicology, 84, 415-430.

39. Hoyle, I., Shaw, B. J., and Handy, R. D. (2007) Dietary copper exposure in the African walking catfish, Clarias gariepinus: Transient osmoregulatory disturbances and oxidative stress. Aquatic Toxicology 83, 62–72.

40. Handy, R. D. and Shaw, B. J. (2007) Ecotoxicity of nanomaterials to fish: Challenges for ecotoxicity testing. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 3(3), 458-460.

41. Owen, R. and Handy, R. D. (2007) Formulating the problems for environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (16): 5582-5588.

42. Smith, C. J., Shaw, B. J. and Handy, R. D. (2007) Toxicity of single walled carbon nanotubes on rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Respiratory toxicity, organ pathologies, and other physiological effects. Aquatic Toxicology, 82, 94-109.

43. Watts, T. J. and Handy, R.D. (2007) The haemolytic effect of verapamil on erythrocytes exposed to varying osmolarity. Toxicology In Vitro, 21, 835-839.

44. Bouskill, N. J., Barnhart, E. P., Galloway, T. S., Handy, R. D. and Ford, T. E. (2007) Quantification of changing Pseudomonas aeruginosa SodA, HtpX and M t gene abundance in response to trace metal toxicity: a potential in situ biomarker of environmental health. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 60, 276-286.

45. Handy, R. D. and Shaw, B. J. (2007) Toxic effects of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: Implications for public health, risk assessment and the public perception of nanotechnology. Health, Risk and Society, 9(2), 125-144.

46. Newman, S. P., Handy, R. D. and Gruber, S. H. (2007) Spatial and temporal variation in mangrove and seagrass faunal communities at Bimini, Bahamas. Bulletin of Marine Science, 80 (3), 529-553.

47. Cooper, C. A., Handy, R. D. and Bury, N. R. (2006) The effects of dietary iron concentration on gastrointestinal and branchial assimilation of both iron and cadmium in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 79, 167–175.

48. Bouskill, N. J., Handy, R. D., Ford, T. E., and Galloway, T. S. (2006). Differentiating Copper and Arsenic Toxicity Using Biochemical Biomarkers in Asellus aquaticus and Dreissena polymorpha. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 65, 342-349.

49. Shaw, B. J. and Handy, R. D. (2006) Dietary copper exposure and recovery in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquatic Toxicology, 76, 111-121.

50. Orton, F., Carr, J. A. and Handy, R. D. (2006) Effect of nitrate and atrazine on larval development and sexual differentiation in the Northern Leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25, 65-71.

51. Newman, S. P., Handy, R. D. and Gruber, S. H. (2005) Analysis of prey size and daily ration in juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris. I. Morphometrics and size regression analysis of prey species. Journal of Experimental Biology (submitted).

52. Newman, S. P., Handy, R. D. and Gruber, S. H. (2005) Analysis of prey size and daily ration in juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris. II. Prey size, meal size and daily ration estimates. Journal of Experimental Biology (submitted).

53. Campbell, H. A., Handy, R. D. and Sims, D. W. (2005) Shifts in a fish’s resource holding power during a contact paired interaction: The influence of a copper-contaminated diet in rainbow trout. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 78, 706-714.

54. Shaw, F. L., Handy, R. D., Bryson, P. J., Sneyd, J. R. and Moody, A. J. (2005) A single exposure to hyperbaric oxygen does not cause oxidative stress in isolated platelets: no effect on superoxide dismutase, catalase, or cellular ATP. Clinical Biochemistry, 38 (8) 722-726.

55. Clearwater, S. J., Handy, R. D. and Hogstrand, C. (2005) Interaction of dietborne metals with digestive processes of fishes. In: Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms (editors, J. S. Meyer, W. J. Adams, K. V. Brix, S. N. Luoma, D. R. Mount, W. A. Stubblefield and C. M. Wood). pp 205-225, SETAC Press, Pensacola, USA.

56. Handy, R. D. (Chair), McGeer, J. C., Allen, H. E. Drevnick, P.E., Gorsuch, J. W., Green, A. S. Lundebye-Haldorsen, A-K, Hook, S. E., Mount, D. R. and Stubblefield, W. A. (2005) Toxic effects of dietborne metals: Laboratory studies. In: Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms (editors, J. S. Meyer, W. J. Adams, K. V. Brix, S. N. Luoma, D. R. Mount, W. A. Stubblefield and C. M. Wood). pp 59-112, SETAC Press, Pensacola, USA.

57. Handy, R. D., Bryson, P., Moody, A. J., Handy, L. M. and Sneyd, J. R. (2005) Oxidative metabolism in platelets, platelet aggregation, and haematology in patients undergoing multiple hyperbaric oxygen exposures. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, 32(5):327-340.

58. Hoyle, I. and Handy, R. D. (2005) Dose-dependent inorganic mercury absorption by isolated perfused intestine of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, involves both amiloride-sensitive and energy-dependent pathways. Aquatic Toxicology, 72, 147-159.

59. Burke, J. and Handy, R. D. (2005) Sodium sensitive and –insensitive copper accumulation by isolated intestinal cells of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 391-407.

60. Patel, A. P., Moody, A. J. Sneyd , R. J. and Handy, R. D. (2004) Carbon monoxide exposure in rat heart: evidence for two modes of toxicity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 321, 241-246.

61. Handy, R. D. and Eddy, F. B. (2004) Transport of solutes across biological membranes in eukaryotes: An environmental perspective. In Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Chemical-Biological Interphases (editors H. P. van Leeuwen and W. Köster), IUPAC series, pp. 337-356, John Wiley, Chichester.

62. Carriquiriborde, P., Handy, R. D. and Davies, S. J. (2004) Physiological modulation of iron metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low and high iron diets. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 75-86.

63. Newman, S. P., Gruber, S. H. and Handy, R. D. (2004) The scarecrow toadfish: habitat, abundance and size at maturity at Bimini, Bahamas. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 248-252.

64. Patel, A. P., Moody, A. J., Handy, R. D., Sneyd, J. R. (2003) Carbon monoxide exposure in rat heart: glutathione depletion is prevented by antioxidants. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 302, 392-296.

65. Berntssen, M. H. G., Aatland, A., Handy, R. D. (2003) Chronic dietary mercury exposure causes oxidative stress, brain lesions, and altered behaviour in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Aquatic Toxicology, 65, 55-72.

66. Handy, R. D. (2003) Chronic effects of copper exposure versus endocrine toxicity. Two sides of the same toxicological process? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 135A, 25-38.

67. Galloway, T. S and Handy, R. D. (2003) Immunotoxicity of organophosphorus pesticides. Ecotoxicology, 12, 345-363.

68. Handy, R. D., Galloway, T. S. and Depledge, M. H. (2003) A proposal for the use of biomarkers for the assessment of chronic pollution and in regulatory toxicology. Ecotoxicology, 12, 331-343.

69. Burke, J., Handy, R. D., Roast, S. D. (2003) Effect of low salinity on cadmium accumulation and calcium homeostasis in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) at fixed free Cd²⁺ concentrations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 2761-2767.

70. Handy, R. D., Eddy, F. B. and Baines, H. (2002) Sodium-dependent copper uptake across epithelia: A review of rationale with experimental evidence from gill and intestine. Biochimica Biophysica Acta- Biomembranes. 1566, 104-115.

71. Handy, R. D., Runnalls, T., and Russell, P. M. (2002) Histopathologic biomarkers in in three spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from several rivers in southern England that meet the Freshwater Fisheries Directive. Ecotoxicology, 11, 467-479.

72. Handy, R. D., Jha, A. N. and Depledge, M. H. (2002) Biomarker approaches for ecotoxicological biomonitoring at different levels of biological organisation. In Handbook of Environmental Monitoring (Frank Burden, Ian McKelvie, Ulrich Förstner and Alex Guenther editors). McGraw Hill, New York. Chapter 9, pp 9.1-9.32

73. Campbell, H. A., Handy, R. D. and Sims, D. W. (2002) Increased metabolic cost of swimming and consequent alterations to circadian activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to dietary copper. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59, 768-777.

74. Handy, R.D., Abd-El Samei, H.A., Bayomy, M.F.F., Mahran, H.A., Abdeen, A.M., El-Elaimy, E.A. (2002) Chronic diazinon exposure: Pathologies of spleen, thymus, blood cells, and lymph nodes are modulated by dietary protein or lipid in the mouse. Toxicology, 172, 13-34.

75. Ödblom, M. P. and Handy, R. D. (2001) Effect of external magnesium on intracellular free sodium: Na⁺ flux via Na⁺/Mg²⁺ antiport is masked by other Na⁺ transport systems in rat cardiac myocytes. Magnesium Research, 14, 1/2, 3-9.

76. Handy, R. D., Musonda, M. M., Phillips, C. and Falla, S. J. (2000) Mechanisms of gastro-intestinal copper absorption in the African Walking Catfish: Copper dose-effects and a novel anion-dependent pathway in the intestine. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, 2365-2377.

77. Handy. R. D. and Depledge, M. H. (1999) Physiological responses: Their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology. 8, 329-349.

78. Lewis, S., Handy, R. D., Cordi, B., Billinghurst, Z. and Depledge, M. H. (1999) Stress proteins (HSP's): Methods of detection and their use as environmental biomarkers. Ecotoxicology. 8, 351-368.

79. Ödblom, M. P. and Handy, R. D. (1999) A novel DIDS sensitive anion-dependent Mg²⁺ efflux pathway in rat ventricular myocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264, 334-337.

 

Reports & invited lectures
Professor Handy has had numerous personal invitations to speak at international meetings and has headed a variety of working groups. The key themes have been:-

Ecotoxicity of nanomaterials
Risk assessment and test methods for nanomaterials
Dietary toxicity of metals
In vitro methods and the 3Rs
Education and training of scientists

 

Other academic activities
In addition to committees, societies, technical working groups etc. Professor Handy also edits for several journals including the following:-

Ecotoxicology (Reviews and Special Issues editor)

Journal of Fish Biology (Editor, physiology section)

Aquaculture Nutrition (Editorial Board Member)

Reviews in Experimental Biology (founder member of the Editorial Board).

 

Additional information

 

Links

Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/research/eric

Society of Experimental Biology  http://www.sebiology.org/

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry http://www.setac-uk.org.uk/